همکاری با انجمن روان‌شناسی صنعتی و سازمانی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی عمومی، دانشکده‌ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خیام، مشهد، ایران

2 استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خیام، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

کارآفرینی یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر بر ایجاد فرصت‌های شغلی و رشد اقتصادی به ‌شمار می‌رود. ‌خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه به معنای باور به توانایی خود برای انجام کارهای نوآورانه و اثربخشی مهارت­ها در راستای راه‌اندازی کسب ‌و کار‌ یکی از مهم­ترین ابعاد مؤثر در رفتار کارآفرینانه است. نظر به اهمیت این امر، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی با خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه با نقش میانجی خلاقیت هیجانی انجام شد. طرح این پژوهش توصیفی، از نوع همبستگی بود و جامعه آماری آن را هنرجویان هنرستان‌های شهر مشهد در سال تحصیلی 1401-1400 تشکیل دادند که از میان آنان با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری در دسترس، نمونه‌ای به حجم 300 نفر انتخاب شد. جهت گردآوری داده­ها نیز از پرسش‌نامه خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه دی نابل و  همکاران (1999)، مقیاس عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی (IUS) فریستون و همکاران (1994) و پرسش‌نامه خلاقیت هیجانی آوریل و توماس نولز (1991) استفاده شد. نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون‌ نشان داد بین عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی و خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار، بین عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی و خلاقیت هیجانی رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار و بین خلاقیت هیجانی و خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه رابطه مثبت و معنی‌دار وجود دارد. همچنین‌ بر‌اساس نتایج حاصل از مدل تحلیل مسیر، خلاقیت هیجانی توانسته است نقش میانجی معنی­داری برای عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی و خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه ایفا کند. درواقع‌ یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بود که عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی اثر مستقیمی بر خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه نداشته و تنها اثر غیرمستقیم بر آن دارد؛ به این صورت که عدم تحمل بلاتکلیفی با تأثیرگذاری بر خلاقیت هیجانی منجر‌به افزایش خودکارآمدی کارآفرینانه می­شود. به عبارتی‌ افراد با خلاقیت هیجانی بالاتر، باور خودکارآمدی بیشتری دارند و این امر موجب می‌شود فرد نسبت ‌به چالش‌هایی که به‌ویژه ممکن است در مراحل اولیه توسعه کسب ‌و کار با آن‌ها روبه‌رو شود، به‌طور مؤثرتری واکنش نشان دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy: The Mediating Role of Emotional Creativity

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Naseri 1
  • Fatemeh Shahamat Dehsorkh 2

1 MA of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Entrepreneurship is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the creation of job opportunities and economic growth. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which means believing in one's ability to do innovative work and the effectiveness of skills in order to start a business, is one of the most important effective dimensions in entrepreneurial behavior. Considering the importance of this matter, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy with the mediating role of emotional creativity.
 
Method
The research method was a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of the research was formed by the students of Mashhad Conservatories in the academic year 2021-2022, of whom 300 people were selected as research sample using the convenience sampling method. In order to collect data, the entrepreneurial self-efficacy questionnaire of De Nobel et al (1999) Indecision Intolerance Scale, Freeston et al (1994), and Averill and Thomas Knowles’s (1991) emotional creativity questionnaire were used.
 
Results
The data analysis results showed a negative and significant relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, a negative and significant relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and emotional creativity, and a positive and significant relationship between emotional creativity and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Also, emotional creativity was able to significantly mediate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In fact, intolerance of uncertainty does not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and only has an indirect effect on it.
 
Discussion
In fact, the findings indicated that uncertainty intolerance does not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and only has an indirect effect on it; in such a way that intolerance of uncertainty leads to an increase in entrepreneurial self-efficacy by affecting emotional creativity. In other words, people with higher emotional creativity have more self-efficacy beliefs, and this makes a person react more effectively to the challenges that may be faced especially in the early stages of business development.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • entrepreneurial self-efficacy
  • intolerance of uncertainty
  • emotional creativity
Ahlin, B., Drnovšek, M., & Hisrich, R. D. (2014). Entrepreneurs’ creativity and firm innovation: the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Small Business Economics, 43(1), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9531-7
Akbari, M. (2017). The Comparison of the Efficacy of Intolerance Uncertainty Therapy, Buspirone and Combined Treatment in Improvement Symptom of Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Clinical Psychology Studies7(27), 89-115. https://doi.org/10.22054/jcps.2017.7909
Alah Yaar, M. (2020). The mediating role of employees' creativity in the relationship between job self-efficacy and entrepreneurship of educational staff in Birjand city. Management and Educational Perspectiv, 2(1), 1-18. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22034/jmep.2020.226378.1003
Amutio, A., Franco, C., Gázquez, J. J., & Mañas, I. M. (2015). Aprendizaje y práctica de la conciencia plena en estudiantes de bachillerato para potenciar la relajación y la autoeficacia en el rendimiento escolar. University Psychology, 14, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-2.apcp
Averill, J. R. (1999). Individual differences in emotional creativity: Structure and correlates. Journal of Personality, 67(2), 331-371. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00058
Averill, J. R. (2007). Togethet again: Emotion and intelligence reconciled. The science of emotionale intelligence: knows and unknowns. New York: Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181890.003.0002
Averill, J. R., & Nunley, E. P. (1992). Voyages of the heart: Living an emotionally creative life. New York: Macmillan. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-97480-000
Averill, J. R., & Nunley, E. P. (2010). Neurosis: The dark side of emotion creativity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511761225.014
Averill, J. R., & Thomas-Knowles, C. (1991). Emotional creativity. In Strongman K.T. London: Wiley Online Library. https://people.umass.edu/jra/studiesofemotion/articles/creativity/EmotionalCreativity91.pdf
Bakar, M. S., Ramli, A., Ibrahim, N. A., & Muhammad, I. G. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy dimensions and higher education institution performance. International Journal of Management Studies, 24(1), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijms.24.1.2017.10479
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficaacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729-735. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729
Basol, O., & Karatuna, I. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy of university students: A cross-cultural study. Management, 12(1), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.26493/1854-4231.12.27-40
Bauer, E. A., MacNamara, A., Sandre, A., Lonsdorf, T. B., Weinberg, A., … & Van Reekum, C. M. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and threat generalization: A replication and extension. Psychophysiology, 57(5), e13546. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13546
Blatný, M., Květon, P., Jelínek, M., Šolcová, I., Zábrodská, K., … & Machovcová, K. (2018). The influence of personality traits on life satisfaction through work engagement and job satisfaction among academic faculty members. Studia Psychologica, 60(4), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.21909/sp.2018.04.767
Bottesi, G., Noventa, S., Freeston, M. H., & Ghisi, M. (2019). Seeking certainty about Intolerance of Uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the Intolerance of Uncertainty ScaleRevised. Plos One, 14(2), e0211929. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211929
Boyd, N., & Vozikis, G. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404
Bredemeier, K., McCole, K., Luther, L., Beck, A. T., & Grant, P. M. (2019). Reliability and validity of a brief version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale in outpatients with psychosis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 41(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9714-2
Bruchhage, L. (2022). The buffering effect of self-esteem and mindfulness on worrying in the context of intolerance of uncertainty (Master's thesis). https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle
Buher, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigation the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainly and its unique relationship with worry. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 20, 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.12.004
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2002). The intolerance of uncertainty scal: psychometric properties of the english version. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00092-4
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: Anexperimental manipulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004
Carleton, R. N. (2016). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 39, 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2010). It’s not just the judgements it’s that I don’t know: Intolerance of uncertainty as a predictor of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.10.007
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disord, 26, 468–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
Carleton, R. N., Weeks. J. W., Howell. A. N., Asmundson. G. J. G., Antony. M. M., & McCabe. R. E. (2012). Assessing the latent structure of the intolerance of uncertainty construct: An initial taxometric analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.006
Cougle, J. R., Timpano, K. R., & Goetz, A. R. (2012). Exploring unique and interactive roles of distress tolerance and negative urgency in obsessions. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.017
Daeezade Ardakani, B. (2017). Investigating the relationship between progress motivation, creativity and self-efficacy with entrepreneurship among male students of Shahid Beheshti Technical College, Ardakan city. The third International Conference on Management and Entrepreneurship. [Persian]. file:///C:/Users/Administrator/Downloads/8951396h0305.pdf
De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. Waltham, MA: P&R Publication Inc.
Dessyana, A., & Riyanti, B. (2017). The influence of innovation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy to digital startup success. International Research Journal of Business Studies; 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.10.1.57-68
Diyanati, M., Karimi, A., & Akbari, M. (2018). The impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the recognition of Opportunities with respect to the passion of entrepreneurship. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development11(1), 61-80.  https://doi.org/10.22059/JED.2018.238421.652274
Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Brief report: Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(6), 835-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-004-0669-0
Dupuy, J. B., & Ladouceur, R. (2008). Cognitive processes of generalize anxiety disorder in co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 505-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.010
Ensanimehr, L., Kasaei esfahani, A., & Zahrakar, K. (2022). Relationship between academic Aspirations, career Aspirations and career identity: The mediating role of attitudes towards academic and career futures. Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies, 9(1), 1-20. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22055/jiops.2021.37249.1223
Felsman, P., Gunawardena, S., & Seifert, C. M. (2020). Improv experience promotes divergent thinking, uncertainty tolerance, and affective well-being. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 35, 100632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100632
Feyzi, A., Mahboobi, T., Zare, H., & Mostafaei, A. (2012). The relationship between cognitive intelligence and ambiguity tolerance with entrepreneurship in Payam Noor university students in West Azarbaijan province. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 4(25), 276-284. [Persian]. https://rbs.mui.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=114&slc_lang=en&sid=1
Freeston, M. H., Rheauma, J., Litarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personal Individ Differ, 17, 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
Frolova, S. V. (2016). Training of emotional creativity and development of adaptive personal qualities. International Annual Edition of Applied Psychology: Teory, Research and Practice, 3(1), 78–85. https://interpsy.sgu.ru/en/en/articles
Gholipoor, A., Asadi, J., Tajari, T., & Asghar Bayani, A. (2023). Designing a model of persuasion of entrepreneurial behavior based on cognitive and emotional approaches (A Qualitative Study). Industrial and Organizational Psychology Studies, 9(2), 355-376. (Persian). https://doi.org/10.22055/jiops.2023.42389.1313
Gillett, C. B., Bilek, E. L., Hanna, G. L., & Fitzgerald, K. D. (2018). Intolerance of uncertainty in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: A transdiagnostic construct with implications for phenomenology and treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 15(7), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.007
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2016). Global repot / 17. https://www.c4e.org.cy/reports/2017/gem-2016-2017-global-report-web-version-1486181226.pdf
Hashemi, S. (2009). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence, emotional creativity and creativity in art, literature and basic science students. Quarterly Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 5(2), 79-103. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22051/JONTOE.2009.177
Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annu Rev Psychol, 61, 569-98. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100416
Herath, H., & Mahmood, R. (2014). Dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 14(4), 21-28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266967213
Hossein Nezhad, R., & Farzam, F. (2013). Investigating the relationship between ambiguity tolerance and entrepreneurial skills in physical education students of universities in Mazandaran province. National Conference of New Scientific Achievements in Physical Education and Sports Sciences, March 7, 2012, Qaim Shahr. [Persian]. https://civilica.com/l/5113/
Hromova, H. M. (2022). Interrelation between intolerance of uncertainty and the time perspective profile in the military. Curr Issues Pers Psychol, 10(4), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.111984
Ismail, I., Rahim, N. A., Kamal, M. H. M., Mat, R. C., & Husin, N. (2015). Investigating the needs for achievement, risk taking and tolerance for ambiguity toward entrepreneurial passion among single mother entrepreneur in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01137-5
Ivcevic, Z., Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2007). Emotional intelligence and emotional creativity. Journal of Personality, 75, 199-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00437.x
Jalali, A. R., & Heydarifar, A. (2020). The effects of employees' creative self-efficacy on innovative behavior: The role of entrepreneurial leadership. The 6th National Conference on Humanities and Management Studies, March 20, 201, Tehran, Iran. [Persian]. https://civilica.com/l/74566/
Jennings, R., Cox, C., & Cooper, C. (1994). Business elites. London: Routledge.
Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Bajun, F., Tufail, M. S., Mirza, F., & Rafiq, M. (2021). Impact of entrepreneurial education, mindset, and creativity on entrepreneurial intention: Mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Front Psychol, 23, 12:724440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724440
Kandpal, A. (2022). Intolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy, optimism & emotions in young adults. The International Journal of Indian Psycology, 10(2), 823-830. https://doi.org/10.25215/1002.083
Kasouf, C. (2003). Opportunity assessment: A framework integrating positive psychology and environmental variables. Chicago, Ill: Research at the marketing-entrepreneurship interface. https://www.econbiz.de/Record/
Kawamoto, T., & Furutani, K. (2018), The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationships between perfectionism dimensions and psychological adjustment/maladjustment among mothers. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.008
Kim, M. K., Roh, I. S., & Cho, M. K. (2016). Creativity of gifted students in an integrated math-science instruction. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.07.004
Koerner, N., Mejia, T., & Kusec, A. (2017), What's in a name? Intolerance of uncertainty, other uncertainty-relevant constructs, and their differential relations to worry and generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(2), 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2016.1211172
Kornilova, T. V., & Kornilov, S. A. (2010). Intelligence and tolerance/intolerance for uncertainty as predictors of creativity. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 3, 240-256. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2010.0012
Kothari, R., Barker, C., Pistrang. N., Rozental, A., Egan, S., … & Shafran, R. A. (2019). Randomised controlled trial of guided internet-based cognitine behavioural therapy for perfectionism: Effecta on psychopathology and transdiagnostic processes. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 64, 113-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.03.007
Kumar, M. (2007). Explaining entrepreneurial success: A conceptual model. Academy of entrepreneurship Journal, 13(1), 57. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142687438
Kumar, R., & Shukla, S. (2022). Creativity, proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions: Examining the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Global Business Review, 23(1), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919844395
Latifian, M., & Delavarpoor, A. (2012). Investigating the relationship between attachment style and mental health with the mediation of emotional creativity. Advances in Cognitive Scienes, 14(2), 45-62. (Persian). https://icssjournal.ir/article-1-483-en.html
Limonero, J. T., Tomás Sábado, J., Fernández Castro, J., Gómez Romero, M. J., & Ardilla Herrero, A. (2012). Resilient coping strategies and emotion regulation: Predictors of life satisfaction. Psicología Conductual, 20(1), 183–196. https://portalrecerca.uab.cat
Luthans, F., Stajkovic, A., & Ibrayera, E. (2000). Environmental and psychological challenges fading entrepreneurial development in transitional economic. Journal of World Business, 35(1), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(99)00035-8
Mahmoodian, H., Lotfi Azimi, A., Abbasi, M., Jamali, E., & Mahmoodi, M. (2019). Surveying relationship between achievement-motive, innovation, ambiguity tolerance, selfefficacy, self-esteem, and selfactualization with entrepreneurial orientation of University’s students. Quarterly Journal of Innovation and Entrepreurship, 5(9), 137-148. [Persian]. https://rimag.ricest.ac.ir/fa/Article/385/journalie.ir
Mahmoud, N. E., Kamel, S. M., & Hamza, T. S. (2020). The relationship between tolerance of ambiguity and creativity in architectural design studio. Creativity Studies, 13(1), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.9628
Morgan, E. S., & Scheibe, S. (2014). Reconciling cognitive decline and increased well-being with age: The role of increased emotion regulation efficiency. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. https://research.rug.nl/en/publications
Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter-Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 91–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419109534380
Newman, A., Obschonka, M., Schwarz, S., Cohen, M., & Nielsen, I. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: A systematic review of the literature on its theoretical foundations, measurement, antecedents, and outcomes, and an agenda for future research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 403-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.012
Obschonka, M., & Hahn, E. (2018). Personal agency in newly arrived refugees: The role of personality, entrepreneurial cognitions and intentions, and career adaptability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.003
Olatoye, R. A., Akintunde, S. O., & Ogunsanya, E. A. (2010). Relationship between creativity and academic achievement of business administration students in south western polytechnics, Nigeria. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, 4(3a),134-149. https://doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v4i3.60164
Oriol, X., Amutio, A., Mendoza, M., Da Costa, S., & Miranda, R. (2016). Emotional creativity as predictor of intrinsic motivation and academic engagement in university students: The mediating role of positive emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01243
Oshi, J., & Nkuda, M. (2021) Drivers and inhibitors of entrepreneurial growth: The Nigeria’s situation. Journal of Business Administration, 10(1), 1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356815368
Pajares, F. (1997). Current directions in self-efficacy research. Advances in motivation and achievement, 10(149), 1-49. https://www.researchgate.net
Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Sereslis, K., Athanasiadou, M., … & Diakogiannis, I. (2020). Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry, 11, 842. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842
Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N. (2013). A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(6), 732-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027
Piperopoulos, P., & Dimov, D. (2015). Burst bubbles or build steam? Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self‐efficacy, and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management,53(4), 970-985. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12116
Poorshir Ali, A. (2018). Intra-organizational entrepreneurship in the framework of the components of emotional creativity and academic progress (students of Hazrat Fatemeh Kerman Technical and Vocational University). The 3rd National Conference of Psychology Updates, Isfahan. [Persian]. https://civilica.com/doc/830534
Reuman, L., Buchholz, J., Blakey, S., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2017). Uncertain and fused: Cognitive fusion, thought-action fusion, and the intolerance of uncertainty as predictors of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31(3), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.31.3.191
Reuther, E. T., Davis, T. E., Rudy, B. M., Jenkins, W. S., Whithing, S. E., & May, A. C. (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Depression and Anxiety, 30(8), 773-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22100
Rigotti, L., Ryan, M., & Vaithianathan, R. (2003). Tolerance of ambiguity and entrepreneurial innovation. Duke University Manuscript, 20, 1-34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication
Rkibi, H., & Ram-Vlasov, N. (2019). Linking trauma to posttraumatic growth and mental health through emotional and cognitive creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 13(4), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000193
Sánchez, J. C. (2011). Entrepreneurship: Introduction. Psicothema, 23(3), 424-426. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21774895/
Setiawan, J. L. (2014). Examining entrepreneurial self-efficacy among students. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 115, 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.431
Shihata, S., McEvoy, P., & Mullan, B. (2017). Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 45, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.12.001
Trnka, R., Cabelkova, I., Kuška, M., & Nikolai, T. (2019). Cognitive decline influences emotional creativity in the elderly. Creativity Research Journal, 31, 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1577205
Tze, V. M. C., Daniels, L. M., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Evaluating the relationship between boredom and academic outcomes: A meta-analysis. Education Psychology Review, 28, 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9301-y
Van Baar, J. M., Halpern, D. J., & FeldmanHall, O. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty modulates brain-to-brain synchrony during politically polarized perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(20), e2022491118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022491118
Wang, G., Huang, H., & Zheng, Q. (2015). Effect of Chinese employees' emotional creativity on their innovative performance. Social Behavior and Personality, 43, 1147–1160. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.7.1147
Wardana, L. W., Narmaditya, B. S., Wibowo, A., Mahendra, A. M., Wibowo, N. A., … & Rohman, A. N. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial mindset: The mediating role of attitude and self-efficacy. Heliyon, 6(9), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04922
Wells, A., & Capobianco, L. (2020). Metacognition. Clinical handbook of fear and anxiety: Maintenance processes and treatment mechanisms. United States: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000150-010
Williams, F. E. (1980). Te creativity assessment packet. Chesterfeld, MO: Psychologists and Educators Inc. https://www.rand.org/education-and-labor/projects/
Yeh, C. H., Lin, H. H., Wang, Y. M., Wang, Y. S., & Lo, C. W. (2021). Investigating the relationships between entrepreneurial education and self-efficacy and performance in the context of internet entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(3) , 545-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100565